Cognition Trivia
150 hand-curated questions on how the mind actually works — one verified, citeable claim per entry, traceable to a primary source. The companion archive to the FOKIQ Daily: when you finish today's six puzzles and want one more thing.
What is Cognition Trivia?
Cognition Trivia is FOKIQ's running archive of 150 brain-science questions, each backed by a primary source — a paper, book chapter, or monograph we can point to on Google Scholar. Not pop-psychology. Not "studies show." A specific researcher, a specific year, a specific finding. One verified claim per day, traceable.
- 150questions
- 6cognitive domains
- 30+primary sources
- $0cost
How to use this
Each question lives at /tips/[N] — Day 1 through Day 150.
Open the entry, read the stem, decide on your answer, then reveal the explanation and the
citation. Every question cross-links into the FOKIQ glossary so the underlying terms (working memory, chunking,
neuroplasticity, reaction time) sit one click away. Nothing here is locked, paywalled, or
account-gated. The Cognition Bible is content; FOKIQ pairs it with the daily puzzle and the brain type system so the trivia and the gameplay reinforce each
other.
About the sources
The Cognition Bible is built on the canonical literature: Miller on working memory; Baddeley & Hitch on the phonological loop; Cowan on the magical-number-4 revision; Sperling on iconic memory; Ebbinghaus on the forgetting curve; Tulving on episodic vs. semantic memory; Loftus on the misinformation effect; Posner and Treisman on attention; Tversky & Kahneman on heuristics, biases, and the dual-process frame. Distractors are real misconceptions, not random false numbers — half the educational value is the distractor mapping.
Editorial discipline: every claim cites a paper that exists, that we can point to on Google Scholar, and whose finding the question accurately summarizes. No fabricated authority strings. No "scientists at Harvard found." No name-drops without paper-level grounding. No brain-training claims the literature does not support.
Today's pick
Working memory holds about four items, not seven Sourced from Cowan, N. (2001)Browse by cognitive domain
- Pattern Recognition →
- Memory →
- Spatial Reasoning →
- Speed Processing →
- Logical Deduction →
- Language Skills →
Or browse the glossary for definitions that ground each Bible question — for example, working memory, chunking, cognitive bias, neuroplasticity, and reaction time.
Browse all 150
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Working memory holds about four items, not seven
Cowan, N. (2001)
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The phonological loop is the brain’s subvocal verbal buffer
Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974)
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Iconic visual memory lasts roughly a quarter of a second
Sperling, G. (1960)
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Half of new memory is lost in the first 24 hours
Ebbinghaus, H. (1885)
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Episodic memory tags events; semantic memory stores facts
Tulving, E. (1972)
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Leading words can implant memory of an event that never happened
Loftus, E. F., & Palmer, J. C. (1974)
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Voluntary attention shifts in roughly 100 to 300 milliseconds
Posner, M. I. (1980)
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Single features pop out in parallel; conjunctions need focal attention
Treisman, A. M., & Gelade, G. (1980)
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Proximity makes nearby elements feel like one group
Wertheimer, M. (1923)
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Raven matrices target fluid reasoning, not learned knowledge
Raven, J. C. (1938)
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Mental rotation time scales linearly with the angle
Shepard, R. N., & Metzler, J. (1971)
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Rats build mental maps, not just stimulus-response chains
Tolman, E. C. (1948)
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Place cells in the hippocampus encode where you are
O'Keefe, J., & Dostrovsky, J. (1971)
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Hick's law: choice time grows with the log of options
Hick, W. E. (1952)
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Reading interferes with color-naming — the Stroop conflict
Stroop, J. R. (1935)
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Vigilance collapses after about thirty minutes of monitoring
Mackworth, N. H. (1948)
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Fewer than 10% solve the abstract Wason 4-card task
Wason, P. C. (1968)
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The Linda problem reveals the conjunction fallacy
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1983)
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People test hypotheses by confirming, not falsifying
Wason, P. C. (1960)
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System 1 is fast and automatic; System 2 is slow and deliberate
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (2000)
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Vision fuses with audio to create the McGurk illusion
McGurk, H., & MacDonald, J. (1976)
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The cocktail party effect lets us track one voice in a crowd
Cherry, E. C. (1953)
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Native-like language acquisition gets harder after puberty
Lenneberg, E. H. (1967)
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Weak Sapir–Whorf: language nudges thought without trapping it
Boroditsky, L. (2001)
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Random anchors warp estimates by roughly a factor of two
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974)
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Availability heuristic: easy to recall feels more common
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973)
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Long-term potentiation strengthens synapses for hours to days
Bliss, T. V. P., & Lømo, T. (1973)
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The memory palace technique dates to ancient orators
Yates, F. A. (1966)
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Encoding-retrieval match beats raw depth of processing
Morris, C. D., Bransford, J. D., & Franks, J. J. (1977)
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Slow-wave sleep consolidates declarative memory
Diekelmann, S., & Born, J. (2010)
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Chess masters chunk patterns; random pieces erase the edge
Chase, W. G., & Simon, H. A. (1973)
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Integral dimensions cannot be filtered without a Garner cost
Garner, W. R., & Felfoldy, G. L. (1970)
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Global precedence: the forest is seen before the trees
Navon, D. (1977)
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Infants segment words by tracking syllable co-occurrence
Saffran, J. R., Aslin, R. N., & Newport, E. L. (1996)
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Q pops out among Os; absence of a feature does not
Treisman, A., & Souther, J. (1985)
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Face pareidolia activates the brain’s face-selective FFA
Liu, J., Li, J., Feng, L., Li, L., Tian, J., & Lee, K. (2014)
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Implicit learning extracts rules without verbal access
Reber, A. S. (1967)
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Paper folding probes spatial visualisation, not rotation
Ekstrom, R. B., French, J. W., Harman, H. H., & Dermen, D. (1976)
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Allocentric maps describe places without your body
O'Keefe, J., & Nadel, L. (1978)
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Border cells fire along environmental edges
Solstad, T., Boccara, C. N., Kropff, E., Moser, M.-B., & Moser, E. I. (2008)
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The sketchpad splits into a visual cache and inner scribe
Logie, R. H. (1995)
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Hemispatial neglect distorts imagined as well as seen space
Bisiach, E., & Luzzatti, C. (1978)
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Grid cells tile space in a hexagonal pattern
Hafting, T., Fyhn, M., Molden, S., Moser, M.-B., & Moser, E. I. (2005)
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Wayfinding strategies vary: geometry vs. landmark cues
Sandstrom, N. J., Kaufman, J., & Huettel, S. A. (1998)
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Inspection time correlates with IQ at roughly r = −0.4
Vickers, D., Nettelbeck, T., & Willson, R. J. (1972)
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The PVT detects sleep loss in a 10-minute reaction-time task
Dinges, D. F., & Powell, J. W. (1985)
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The attentional blink is worst around 200 to 500 ms
Raymond, J. E., Shapiro, K. L., & Arnell, K. M. (1992)
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Fitts's law: movement time scales with log of distance/width
Fitts, P. M. (1954)
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Donders timed mental stages by subtracting reaction times
Donders, F. C. (1868)
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Voluntary saccades launch about 200 ms after target onset
Carpenter, R. H. S. (1988)
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Base-rate neglect: Bayes says 41%, intuition says 80%
Bar-Hillel, M. (1980)
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Mental-model theory turns deduction into spatial inspection
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1983)
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Losses hurt about twice as much as same-sized gains
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1991)
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Belief bias: believable conclusions feel logically valid
Evans, J. St. B. T., Barston, J. L., & Pollard, P. (1983)
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Categorical perception sharpens phoneme boundaries
Liberman, A. M., Harris, K. S., Hoffman, H. S., & Griffith, B. C. (1957)
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Phonemic restoration: the brain fills in missing speech
Warren, R. M. (1970)
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Garden-path parsing follows simplest-first attachment
Frazier, L., & Rayner, K. (1982)
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High-frequency words win lexical access by tens of ms
Forster, K. I., & Chambers, S. M. (1973)
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Tip-of-tongue states preserve partial lexical information
Brown, R., & McNeill, D. (1966)
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The N400 marks semantic surprise around 400 ms after a word
Kutas, M., & Hillyard, S. A. (1980)
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Upside-down faces break holistic face recognition
Yin, R. K. (1969)
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The brain weights sensory cues by their reliability
Ernst, M. O., & Banks, M. S. (2002)
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The phi phenomenon turns alternating flashes into motion
Wertheimer, M. (1912)
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Half of people miss a stranger swap mid-conversation
Simons, D. J., & Levin, D. T. (1998)
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Textons pop out before attention even arrives
Julesz, B. (1981)
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Spaced study beats cramming for long-term recall
Cepeda, N. J., Pashler, H., Vul, E., Wixted, J. T., & Rohrer, D. (2006)
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Meaning-level encoding builds the strongest memories
Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972)
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Recalling a memory briefly makes it editable
Nader, K., Schafe, G. E., & LeDoux, J. E. (2000)
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Source monitoring decides whether a memory feels real
Johnson, M. K., Hashtroudi, S., & Lindsay, D. S. (1993)
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Flashbulb memories feel certain but drift like any other
Hirst, W., Phelps, E. A., Meksin, R., Vaidya, C. J., Johnson, M. K., et al. (2015)
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Head direction cells form the brain's internal compass
Taube, J. S., Muller, R. U., & Ranck, J. B. (1990)
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Place cells remap to give each environment its own code
Muller, R. U., & Kubie, J. L. (1987)
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Spatial descriptions split into survey and route views
Taylor, H. A., & Tversky, B. (1992)
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Perspective-taking borrows the body's own rotation
Kessler, K., & Thomson, L. A. (2010)
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The parahippocampal place area encodes spatial layout
Epstein, R., & Kanwisher, N. (1998)
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A response bottleneck slows back-to-back decisions
Pashler, H. (1994)
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Same-side stimuli speed responses they should not
Simon, J. R. (1969)
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Each extra item in memory costs ~38 ms to scan
Sternberg, S. (1966)
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A trailing mask can erase a flashed image from awareness
Breitmeyer, B. G., & Ögmen, H. (2000)
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Two-choice decisions race noisy evidence to a boundary
Ratcliff, R. (1978)
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Identical outcomes flip choices when reframed as losses
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981)
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Natural frequencies make Bayesian reasoning click
Gigerenzer, G., & Hoffrage, U. (1995)
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Functional fixedness hides the box as a candle holder
Duncker, K. (1945)
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Aha moments fire as a right-temporal gamma burst
Jung-Beeman, M., Bowden, E. M., Haberman, J., Frymiare, J. L., Arambel-Liu, S., Greenblatt, R., Reber, P. J., & Kounios, J. (2004)
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Knowing the outcome makes us think we predicted it
Fischhoff, B. (1975)
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Bilinguals exercise the same circuits that resolve conflict
Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., Klein, R., & Viswanathan, M. (2004)
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The P600 is the brain's syntax-error siren
Osterhout, L., & Holcomb, P. J. (1992)
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Reading 'bread' speeds your decision about 'butter'
Meyer, D. E., & Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1971)
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Skilled readers preview the next word before they look at it
Rayner, K. (1998)
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Reading 'kick' lights up the brain's leg-motor map
Hauk, O., Johnsrude, I., & Pulvermüller, F. (2004)
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Categorization tunes the very features perceivers see
Schyns, P. G., Goldstone, R. L., & Thibaut, J.-P. (1998)
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Geons assemble objects from a small parts catalogue
Biederman, I. (1987)
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The LOC codes the shape you see, not the pixels you fixate
Kourtzi, Z., & Kanwisher, N. (2001)
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V1 builds vision from tiny oriented-edge detectors
Hubel, D. H., & Wiesel, T. N. (1962)
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The ventral stream's IT cortex anchors object recognition
Logothetis, N. K., & Sheinberg, D. L. (1996)
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Taking a test beats re-reading for long-term retention
Roediger, H. L., & Karpicke, J. D. (2006)
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Repeated retrieval, not repeated study, builds durable memory
Karpicke, J. D., & Roediger, H. L. (2008)
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Hard-feeling practice often beats easy-feeling practice long-term
Bjork, R. A. (1994)
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Schoolroom Spanish settles onto a 50-year permastore plateau
Bahrick, H. P. (1984)
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Related word lists reliably plant a confident false memory
Roediger, H. L., & McDermott, K. B. (1995)
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Spatial skills are trainable, durable, and transfer broadly
Uttal, D. H., Meadow, N. G., Tipton, E., Hand, L. L., Alden, A. R., Warren, C., & Newcombe, N. S. (2013)
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Teen spatial ability predicts adult STEM achievement decades later
Wai, J., Lubinski, D., & Benbow, C. P. (2009)
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A short mental-rotation drill lifts kids' arithmetic
Cheng, Y.-L., & Mix, K. S. (2014)
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Spatial thinking is teachable — and schools mostly skip it
Newcombe, N. S. (2010)
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Spatial memory snaps to a layout's intrinsic axis
Mou, W., & McNamara, T. P. (2002)
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A general slowdown explains much of cognitive aging
Salthouse, T. A. (1996)
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Older RTs scale as a near-linear stretch of younger RTs
Cerella, J. (1985)
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Automatization is retrieval beating rule-based computation
Logan, G. D. (1988)
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Diffusion models split RT into drift, caution, and non-decision time
Wagenmakers, E.-J., van der Maas, H. L. J., & Grasman, R. P. P. P. (2007)
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Speeded-reasoning decline starts surprisingly early in adulthood
Salthouse, T. A. (2010)
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CRT scores reveal who overrides their first instinct
Frederick, S. (2005)
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Social-contract framing turns hard logic into easy logic
Cosmides, L. (1989)
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Reasoning runs on a fast intuitive system and a slow deliberate one
Evans, J. St. B. T. (2008)
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Anchors bias estimates by activating anchor-consistent memories
Strack, F., & Mussweiler, T. (1997)
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Holding two contradictory answers diagnoses two reasoning systems
Sloman, S. A. (1996)
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Infants tune to native sounds through social, not audio-only, input
Kuhl, P. K. (2010)
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MUC splits language across memory, unification, and control
Hagoort, P. (2014)
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Language must compress input now or lose it forever
Christiansen, M. H., & Chater, N. (2016)
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Comprehenders pre-activate features of likely upcoming words
Federmeier, K. D., & Kutas, M. (1999)
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Sentence comprehension unfolds in three timed ERP phases
Friederici, A. D. (2002)
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Color, motion, orientation, and size are the strongest search guides
Wolfe, J. M., & Horowitz, T. S. (2017)
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Creative minds bridge remote associates from flatter hierarchies
Mednick, S. A. (1962)
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Adding context can speed search via emergent configural features
Pomerantz, J. R., Sager, L. C., & Stoever, R. J. (1977)
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Concepts cluster by family resemblance, not strict definitions
Rosch, E., & Mervis, C. B. (1975)
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Coarse 'gist' triggers top-down predictions that speed recognition
Bar, M. (2003)
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Declarative memory rides on a four-region medial temporal network
Squire, L. R., & Zola-Morgan, S. (1991)
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Processing mode, not consciousness, separates memory systems
Henke, K. (2010)
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Self-testing crushes re-reading on long-delay retention
Roediger, H. L., & Butler, A. C. (2011)
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Memory mirrors the statistics of the world it must serve
Anderson, J. R., & Schooler, L. J. (1991)
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Hippocampus binds context; perirhinal scores familiarity
Diana, R. A., Yonelinas, A. P., & Ranganath, C. (2007)
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Spatial ability splits into small, large, and dynamic factors
Hegarty, M. (2010)
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Disoriented animals rely on a geometry-only spatial module
Cheng, K. (1986)
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Body-anchored frameworks make some perspective shifts cheaper
Bryant, D. J., & Tversky, B. (1999)
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Self-motion signals let mammals integrate a path back home
Etienne, A. S., & Jeffery, K. J. (2004)
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Mental rotation shows the largest spatial-ability sex difference
Linn, M. C., & Petersen, A. C. (1985)
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Choice RT shares roughly a quarter of its variance with general IQ
Deary, I. J., Der, G., & Ford, G. (2001)
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Trial-to-trial RT variability outpredicts mean RT for general IQ
Jensen, A. R. (1998)
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Late skill performance is dominated by perceptual-motor speed
Ackerman, P. L. (1988)
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Five decades of speed–IQ research: small-to-moderate, but robust
Sheppard, L. D., & Vernon, P. A. (2008)
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Aging slowing is mostly central, not sensory or motor
Bashore, T. R., Ridderinkhof, K. R., & van der Molen, M. W. (1997)
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Smart and rational are separable abilities you can measure apart
Stanovich, K. E. (2016)
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Deduction runs on iconic mental models, not formal rule application
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (2010)
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Simple one-reason heuristics can outperform complex regression
Gigerenzer, G., & Goldstein, D. G. (1996)
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Hard questions get silently swapped for easier ones we can answer
Kahneman, D., & Frederick, S. (2002)
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Belief bias mixes biased reasoning with biased response selection
Klauer, K. C., Musch, J., & Naumer, B. (2000)
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Multiple parallel streams compete to interpret each sentence
Kuperberg, G. R. (2007)
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Comprehension is often 'good enough' — heuristic, not exhaustive
Ferreira, F. (2003)
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Readers pre-activate specific upcoming words before they appear
DeLong, K. A., Urbach, T. P., & Kutas, M. (2005)
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Language is a complex adaptation shaped gradually by selection
Pinker, S., & Bloom, P. (1990)
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Reading meaning rides on two cooperating word-recognition routes
Harm, M. W., & Seidenberg, M. S. (2004)