Spatial descriptions split into survey and route views

Correct: B — Survey (map-like, allocentric) vs. route (landmark-by-landmark, egocentric) perspectives

Taylor and Tversky (1992) showed that people spontaneously describe environments using either survey perspective (a bird's-eye view: 'the library is north of the gym') or route perspective ('walk past the gym and turn left at the library'). After reading either description, participants form mental representations flexible enough to answer questions framed in the other perspective at little cost — suggesting a more abstract spatial model rather than a literal copy of the description. Choice of perspective is shaped by the environment's structure (gridlike vs. winding), the speaker's familiarity, and the listener's needs.