Voluntary saccades launch about 200 ms after target onset

Correct: B — ~200 ms

For a target appearing in the periphery of an alert observer, the latency from target onset to saccade initiation is roughly 200 ms, although latencies of "express saccades" can reach ~100 ms under specific gap conditions. Carpenter's LATER model (1988) treats saccade latency as the time taken for a noisy decision signal to cross a threshold — a framework that captures the distribution of latencies across thousands of trials. Saccade latency is a sensitive probe of attentional state, fatigue, and basal-ganglia function (slowed in Parkinson's disease).