Taking a test beats re-reading for long-term retention

Correct: C — Substantially better long-term retention than the restudy-only group

In their classic study, Roediger and Karpicke (2006) found that students who took an initial recall test recalled about 60% of the passage one week later, while those who only re-read the passage recalled about 40% — despite re-readers feeling more confident. This testing effect is one of the largest and most replicated findings in learning science: retrieval practice produces deeper, more durable memory than restudy, even though learners typically rate retrieval as harder and less effective. The result is the empirical anchor for retrieval-practice and self-quizzing study habits.